GENERAL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF TEACHING
Basic Concepts:
- Approach - one’s viewpoint toward teaching
- Method - a series of related and progressive acts performed by a teacher and students to achieve the objective of the lesson.
- Technique – the personal art and style of the teacher in carrying out the procedure of teaching.
- Strategy – set of decisions to achieve an objective that results in plan.
Two Types of Teaching Methods
Direct Approach
EXPLORATORY STRATEGIES
INDUCTIVE and PROBLEM SOLVING
DISCOVERY and LABORATORY
REFECTIVE and INQUIRY
CONSTRUCTIVISM and METACOGNITION
Direct Methodologies : Expository When to use
- Guided Instruction Exploratory Strategies
Types of Subject Matter
- Experience –Oriented
Desired Outcomes
- Deveopment/Formulation of Concept, Principles, Skills, Attitude and Values
Learning Environments
- Direct Instruction Expository Strategies
Types of Subject Matter
- Different
- Content-Oriented
Constraints
Desired Outcomes
- Information not available-
needs to be discovered yet
- Factual Information
Learning Environments
- Similar
Constraints
- Information directly available-
no effort to look for it
Expository Strategy
Exploratory Strategy
- Less delivery time
- Utilizes expositive strategies such as: Direct teaching, Deductive Process, Teacher controlled method
- Less student involvement
- More delivery time
- Utilizes discovery strategies such as: Inquiry teaching, Inductive process, Teacher facilitated method
- High student involvement
- Active-----interactive
1.1 Deductive Teaching : process of teaching that starts with a rule or general statement that is applied to specific cases/examples 1.2 Expository or Deductive Method : a telling method where facts, concepts, principles and generalizations, are stated presented, defined, interpreted by the teacher and followed by the application of testing of three concepts, principles, generalizations in new examples generated by the student.
1.3 Demonstration : telling and showing method perform usually by a teacher or a trained student while the rest of the class become observer. 2. Experiential Methodologies; Exploratory 2.1 Inductive : an exploratory method of logic where one arrives at a fact, principle, truth or generalization. : Formulating conclusion, a definition, a rule, a principle or a formula based on knowledge of examples and details
Studying: observing, comparing many instances or cases in several instances to discover the common element and form generalization. 2.2 Discovery : a method in which thoughts are synthesized to perceive something that the individual has not known before. : the learner gets directly involved in learning : learning is a result of the learners own internalized, insights, reflection and experiences
2.3 Problem Solving Method : any purposeful activity that will remove a recognized difficulty or perplexity in situation through the process of reasoning. 2.4 Project Method : a significant practical units of an activity of a problematic nature carried on by students in a lifelike manner and in natural setting. It maybe a construction, an enjoyment, a problem or a learning project.
2.5 Laboratory Method : a set of first hand learning activities wherein the individual investigates a problem, conducts experiments, observes, process or applies theories and principles in simulated setting. 2.6 Inquiry Teaching : Learners are confronted with a puzzling situation and are to enter into investigative work to solve a problem 2.7 Reflective Teaching : an on-going process that enables individuals to continually learn from their own experiences by considering alternative interpretations of situations, generating and evaluating goals and examining experiences in the light of alternative goals and hypothesis.
- A teaching approach that brings the individual to continually learn from their experiences through analysis of their own experiences, actions, decisions, beliefs in the light of alternative goals and hypothesis. - The act of teaching that focuses thought on certain phenomenon through inspection and analysis.
2.8 Metacognitive Teaching : a teaching approach where learners are trained to become aware of and exert control over their own learning by using metacognitive processes. 2.8.1 Cooperative Learning Strategy : a type of group work in which two or more students interact with the common goal of mastering specific academic materials, sample approaches.
SAMPLE APPROACHES 1. STAD – Student Teams Achievement Approach (Slavin)
- Academic information are presented each week through verbal text.
- Students are divided into learning teams of four members (heterogeneous)
- Team members help one another to master the academic materials using worksheets, tutoring quizzing, one another, and team discussion.
- Quizzes are administered weekly/biweekly and scored and each student is given improvement score.
- Improvement score is recorded, based on the degree to which the scores exceed the student’s past averages.
- Individual improvement scores are added to give a team score.
- Team success is acknowledged through short newsletter containing the learning outcomes.
2. JIGSAW I (Dronson, etc.)
- Student is assigned to heterogeneous study home teams.
- Academic materials divided into clearly defined sections presented to the students in text form.
- Within each team, one student is responsible for mastering each section.
